Introduction

• Language Designers:

  Looking for operator or function names? Well have a look at the following and remember using existing one may ease the transition :)

• Language Users:

  You know one language and want to find the corresponding operator or function in another language

• Language lovers:

  Want to know the various ways people invented for commenting/assigning/...?

Categories

• Various
  • commenting
  • documentation comment
  • information about the current line and file
  • tokens
  • breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)
  • variable assignment or declaration
  • grouping expressions
  • block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
  • use a block as a return value (when statements are not expressions)
  • equality / inequality
  • comparison
  • runtime evaluation
  • force garbage collection
• Functions
  • function call
  • partial application (in the examples below, a normal call is "f(a,b)")
  • function definition
  • anonymous function
  • function return value
  • function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)
  • runtime inspecting the caller information
  • function composition
  • identity function
• Control Flow
  • sequence
  • if_then
  • if_then_else
  • ifnot_then (unless)
  • multiple selection (switch)
  • loop
  • breaking control flow
  • exception
  • call-with-current-continuation
• Types
  • declaration
  • annotation (or variable declaration)
  • cast
  • mutability, constness
• Object Oriented & Reflexivity
  • method invocation
  • object creation
  • object cloning
  • manually call an object's destructor
  • class declaration
  • testing class membership
  • get the type/class corresponding to an object/instance/value
  • methods available
  • inheritance
  • has the method
  • current instance
  • accessing parent method
  • accessing child method
• Package, Module
  • package scope
  • declare
  • import
• Strings
  • type name
  • character type name
  • character "z"
  • strings
  • multi-line
  • convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)
  • serialize (marshaling)
  • unserialize (un-marshaling)
  • sprintf-like
  • simple print
  • string equality & inequality
  • string size
  • string concatenation
  • duplicate n times
  • upper / lower case character
  • uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string
  • ascii to character
  • character to ascii
  • accessing n-th character
  • extract a substring
  • locate a substring
  • locate a substring (starting at the end)
• Booleans
  • type name
  • false value
  • true value
  • logical not
  • logical or / and
• Bags and Lists
  • type name
  • list concatenation
  • list flattening
  • list constructor
  • list/array indexing
  • adding an element at the beginning (list cons)
  • adding an element at index
  • adding an element at the end
  • first element
  • all but the first element
  • last element
  • get the first element and remove it
  • get the last element and remove it
  • for each element do something
  • transform a list (or bag) in another one
  • transform two lists in parallel
  • find an element
  • keep elements matching
  • f(... f(f(init, e1), e2) ..., en)
  • f(e1, f(e2, ... f(en, init) ...))
  • split a list in 2 based on a predicate
  • is an element in the list
  • is the predicate true for an element
  • is the predicate true for every element
  • smallest / biggest element
  • join a list of strings in a string using a glue string
  • list size
  • iterate with index
  • remove duplicates
  • sort
  • reverse
  • list of couples from 2 lists
  • 2 lists from a list of couples
  • lookup an element in a association list
  • list out of a bag
• Various Data Types
  • tuple type
  • tuple constructor
  • computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing)
  • reference (pointer)
  • optional value
  • record selector
  • dictionary
  • range
• Mathematics
  • type name
  • numbers syntax
  • addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
  • exponentiation (power)
  • negation
  • random
  • operator priorities and associativities
  • square root / e-exponential / absolute value
  • trigonometry
  • logarithm
  • euclidian division (both quotient and modulo)
  • modulo
  • truncate / round / floor / ceil
  • bitwise operators
• Threads
  • thread definition
  • thread creation
  • thread object creation
  • starting / stopping threads
  • passing data directly between threads
  • terminating thread communication due to a time-out
  • Thread Synchronization
  • Joining Another Thread
  • Thread Prioritization
  • Thread-safe sharing of data without synchronization

Various

• commenting

  until end of line

  #	Awk, E, Icon, merd, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Python, Ruby, sh, Tcl, YAML
  //	BCPL, C#, C++, C99, Dylan, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, YCP
  --	Ada, Cecil, Eiffel, Haskell, Lua, Sather, Simula, SQL92
  ;	Assembler, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Rebol, Scheme
  %	Erlang, Mercury, Oz, PostScript, Prolog, TeX
  rem	Basic
  '	Visual Basic
  \	Forth
  !	Assembler, Fortran90
  C or * in column 1	Fortran

  nestable

  (* ... *)	Beta, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  /* ... */	Classic REXX, Dylan, Oz, SQL99
  { ... }	Pascal
  {- ... -}	Haskell
  #| ... |#	Common Lisp
  #if 0 ... #endif	C
  comment { ... }	Rebol
  comment [ ... ]	Rebol
  { ... } or [ ... ] when unused	Rebol
  --[[ ... ]]	Lua

  non nestable

  " ... "	Smalltalk
  /* ... */	B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Mercury, PHP, Pike, PL/I, YCP
  <!-- ... -->	HTML, XML
  ( ... )	Forth

• documentation comment

  until end of line

  ///	C#, Java
  -- |	Haskell
  -- ^	Haskell

  non nestable

  /** ... */ (1)

  C, C#, E, Java, PHP

  {-| ... -}	Haskell
  (** ... *)	OCaml
  indexing identifier: "...";	Eiffel
  rebol [ Note: "..." ]	Rebol
  func ["..." arg] ...	Rebol
  class X: """... """ def x(): """... """ (2)	Python
  (define (f para1 para2) "..." ...)	Scheme
  (defun f (para1 para2) "..." ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  =pod ... =cut (3)	Perl, Perl6
  =begin ... =end	Ruby

• information about the current line and file

  __LINE__ __FILE__	C, C++, Perl, PHP, Pike, Ruby
  $?LINE $?FILE	Perl6
  inspect.stack()[0][2] inspect.stack()[0][1]	Python
  (new System.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileLineNumber() (new System.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileName()	C#
  system/script/header/file (4)	Rebol
  SOURCELINE() / parse source OS . SOURCENAME	Classic REXX

• tokens

  case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...)

  case-sensitive	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, sh, Smalltalk, Tcl, XML, YAML
  case-insensitive	Ada, Assembler, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Forth, HTML, Pascal, PL/I, Rebol, Scheme, SGML, SQL92, Visual Basic
  case-sensitive: variables case-insensitive: keywords, functions, constants...	PHP
  case-sensitive: identifiers case-insensitive: keywords	E

  if case sensitive, what is the standard way for scrunching together multiple words

  CamelCase	C#, E, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Pascal, Smalltalk, Tcl
  underscores	merd
  hyphens	Common Lisp, Rebol
  underscores for functions, unclear for modules / types / constructors	OCaml
  UPPER_CASE	sh
  underscores, UPPER_CASE for class names	Eiffel
  CamelCase for classes, underscores for methods	Python
  CamelCase for types, underscores for functions, variables, ...	Pliant
  CamelCase for modules and classes, ALL_CAPS for constants, underscores for functions, variables, ...	Ruby
  CamelCase for modules and classes, ALLCAPS for macros, underscores for methods, constants and variables	Pike
  CamelCase for modules, ALL_CAPS for constants, unclear for functions / variables	Perl, Perl6
  usually lowercase or underscores, ALL_CAPS for macros	C
  usually underscores	C++
  Camel_Case	Ada

  variable identifier regexp

  [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*	PL/I, Smalltalk
  [a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Eiffel
  [a-zA-Z](_?[a-zA-Z0-9])*	Ada
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, sh, Tcl
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]* or '[^']*'	Pliant
  [_a-zA-Z$][_a-zA-Z0-9$]*	Java, JavaScript
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Ruby
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*[!?']*	merd
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell, OCaml, SML
  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Mercury, Prolog
  [_a-zA-Z!0&*/:<=>?^][_a-zA-Z!0&*/:<=>?^0-9.+-]*	Scheme
  [a-zA-Z!?@#][a-zA-Z0-9!?@#]*	Classic REXX
  [_a-zA-Z?!.'+*&|=~-][_a-zA-Z0-9?!.'+*&|=~-]* or [^0-9[](){}":;/][^ \n\t[](){}":;/]*	Rebol
  \S+	Forth

  function identifier regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*[!?]?	Ruby
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Mercury, Prolog
  [^ \t\n\r\f]+	Tcl

  keyword regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [A-Z]+

  Modula-3

  type regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Mercury, OCaml

  constant regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Ruby
  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell, OCaml
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Mercury

• breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)

  nothing needed	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, Forth, Java, JavaScript, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PostScript, Rebol, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, XSLT, YCP
  \	Awk, E, Python, Ruby, sh, Tcl
  _	Visual Basic
  ,	Classic REXX

• variable assignment or declaration

  assignment

  =	Awk, B, Basic, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Erlang, Icon, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Oz, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, sh, YCP
  :=	Ada, BCPL, Cecil, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Modula-3, Pascal, Pliant, Sather, Simula, Smalltalk
  <-	OCaml
  _ (5)	Squeak
  :	BCPL, Rebol
  -> (6)	Beta
  def	PostScript
  setq	Emacs Lisp
  setf setq set	Common Lisp
  set	Rebol
  set!	Scheme
  is	Prolog

  declaration

  =	Haskell, Mercury, Prolog, SML
  <-	Haskell
  :-	Prolog
  let v = e in	OCaml
  let v = e	BCPL
  def v := e / var v := e	E
  my / our / local / use vars	Perl
  my / our / temp	Perl6
  define	Dylan
  define let let* letrec	Scheme
  let let* flet labels defun defmethod defvar defparameter defsetf ..	Common Lisp
  local V1 = e V2 = e2 in ... end	Oz
  global	Python
  :@	Beta
  :	Ada, Eiffel, Pascal
  | v1 v2 |	Smalltalk
  auto v1, v2; extrn v3, v4;	B
  var	JavaScript
  var gvar	Pliant
  variable v (7)	Forth
  <xsl:variable name="v" select="e"/>	XSLT

  both

  =	merd, Python, Ruby
  :=	merd
  set, variable	Tcl

• grouping expressions

  ( ... )	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, Beta, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, merd, Modula-3, MSH, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, SQL92, Tcl, XPath, YCP
  [ ... ]	Rebol
  indentation	merd
  $ ...	Haskell
  begin ... end	OCaml, Ruby
  BEGIN ... END	Modula-3
  space (8)	merd

• block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)

  { ... }	Awk, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, sh, Tcl
  { ... } (9)	B, C, C#, C++, E, Haskell, Java, Modula-3, Perl, Perl6, YCP
  ( ... ) (9)	sh
  [ x. y. ... ]	Smalltalk
  begin ... end (9)	Ada, Pascal
  do ... end	Classic REXX
  do ... end (9)	Lua, PL/I
  indentation	Pliant, Python
  indentation (9)	Haskell, merd
  foo ... end where foo in { if, do, ... }	Modula-2, Ruby
  foo ... end where foo in { if, loop, ... }	Eiffel
  foo ... end foo where foo in { if, do, ... }	Ada, Fortran90
  (* ... *) (10)	BCPL
  (# ... #)	Beta

• use a block as a return value (when statements are not expressions)

  valof	BCPL
  do	Perl, Perl6

• equality / inequality

  shallow

  == !=	Awk, B, C, C++, Java, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Tcl
  = /=	Eiffel, Fortran90
  = <>	Pliant, Rebol
  = #	Modula-3
  = !=	sh
  = <> # (11)	Modula-2
  == === != !== (12)	JavaScript, PHP
  === !==	PHP5
  == ~=	Lua
  == ~~	Smalltalk
  == ~==	Dylan
  = ~= neqv (10)	BCPL
  is_equal (13)	Eiffel
  equal?	Scheme
  eq ne	Emacs Lisp, PostScript
  eq, eql	Common Lisp
  eq? eqv?	Scheme
  .EQ. .NE.	Fortran
  is / is not	Python

  deep

  == !=	Awk, C#, C++, E, merd, PHP5, Python, Ruby, YCP
  == <>	Python
  == /=	Haskell
  == \=	Oz
  == \==	Classic REXX
  = /=	Ada
  = !=	XPath
  = <>	Beta, OCaml, Pascal, Rebol, SML, SQL92, Visual Basic
  = ~=	Dylan, Smalltalk
  equal?	Scheme
  equals	Java
  equal	Emacs Lisp
  equal, !equal	Pike
  equal, equalp	Common Lisp
  deep_is_equal	Eiffel
  isEqual	Objective-C

• comparison

  < > <= >=	Ada, Awk, Awk, B, Beta, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, SQL92, Tcl, Visual Basic, XPath, YCP
  < > =< >=	Mercury, Oz
  << >> <<= >>= (14)	Classic REXX
  @< / @=< / @> / @>=	Prolog
  lt gt le ge	Perl, Perl6, PostScript
  -lt -gt -le -ge	MSH, sh
  .LT. .GT. .LE. .GE.	Fortran

  returns 3 values (i.e. inferior, equal or superior)

  a <=> b	merd, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  cmp	Perl, Perl6, Python
  compare	Haskell, Mercury, OCaml, Pliant, Smalltalk
  strcmp	PHP
  three_way_comparison	Eiffel
  string compare	Tcl
  compareTo	Java

  returns 4 values (i.e. inferior, equal, superior or not comparable)

  compare	Pliant
  compareTo	E

  min / max (binary or more)

  min / max	Ada, Beta, C++, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, Lua, merd, OCaml, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Scheme, Smalltalk, SQL92
  min minstr / max maxstr (15)	Perl
  Min / Max	Oz
  MIN / MAX	Classic REXX, Modula-3
  measure-object -min / measure-object -max	MSH

• runtime evaluation

  eval	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Tcl, YCP
  dostring	Lua
  Compiler evaluate:	Smalltalk
  runtime_compile / compile + execute	Pliant
  Compiler.evalExpression or Compiler.parseOzVirtualString	Oz
  compile_string	Pike
  interpret	Classic REXX
  do / reduce / compose / load	Rebol
  [...]	Tcl
  `...`	sh

• force garbage collection

  doGC	Beta
  GC.start	Ruby
  gc()	Pike
  System.gc()	Java
  System.gcDo	Oz
  System.GC.Collect()	C#
  gc.collect()	Python
  full_collect	Eiffel
  garbage_collect	Mercury
  collectgarbage	Lua
  VM.garbageCollect()	JavaScript
  Gc.full_major()	OCaml
  Smalltalk garbageCollect	Smalltalk
  incremental garbage collection => not needed	Perl, Perl6
  recycle	Rebol
  interp.gc()	E
  (ext:gc)	Common Lisp

Functions

• function call

  f(a,b,...)	Ada, Awk, Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Mercury, merd, Modula-3, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Prolog, Python, Ruby, XPath, YCP
  f(a,b,...f) or f[a,b,...] depending on the version	BCPL
  f a b ...	Haskell, MSH, OCaml, Pliant, Rebol, sh, SML, Tcl
  (f a b ...) (apply f l)	Scheme
  (f a b ...) (apply f l) (funcall f a b ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  {f a b}	Oz
  f[a,b,...] or f.call(a,b,...)	Ruby
  &$f(a,b,...) or $f->(a,b,...)	Perl
  $f.(a,b,...)	Perl6
  v = f(a, b, ...) or call f a, b, ...	Classic REXX
  a b ... f	Forth, PostScript
  a f	Smalltalk
  a f: b g: ... (16)	Smalltalk
  (a,b,...)->&f or (a,b,...)->f	Beta
  f:a	FL
  f:a (17)	Pliant
  .. [ f, A, B, ...]	Prolog
  <xsl:call-template name="f"> <xsl:with-param name="a" select=a/> <xsl:with-param name="b" select=b/> </xsl:call-template>	XSLT

  with no parameter

  f	Ada, Eiffel, Haskell, Mercury, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Rebol, Ruby, sh, Tcl
  f()	Awk, C, C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Pike, Python, YCP
  f() (18)	merd, OCaml, SML
  (f)	Scheme
  (f) (funcall f)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  {f}	Oz
  f[] or f.call	Ruby
  &$f or $f->()	Perl
  $f.()	Perl6
  v = f() or call f	Classic REXX
  f value (19)	Smalltalk
  <xsl:call-template name="f">/	XSLT
  call f	Fortran

• partial application (in the examples below, a normal call is "f(a,b)")

  give the first argument

  f a	Haskell, OCaml, SML
  f(a)	Mercury
  f(a,)	merd
  &f.assuming(var_name => a)	Perl6
  functional.partial(f, a)	Python

  give the second argument

  f(,b)	merd
  &f.assuming(b => b)	Perl6

  give the first argument to operator ">"

  (a >)	Haskell, merd
  (>) a	OCaml

  give the second argument to operator ">"

  (> a)

  Haskell, merd

• function definition

  sub f { ... }	Perl, Perl6
  sub f($para1, $para2, ...) { ... }	Perl6
  def f(para1, para2, ...): ...	Python
  def f(para1, para2, ...) ... end	Ruby
  def f(para1, para2, ...) ... { ... }	E
  f para1 para2 = ...	Haskell
  let f para1 para2 = ...	OCaml
  f(para1, para2, ...) = valof $( ... $)	BCPL
  f(para1, para2, ...) = ...	merd
  f ... or f: para1 ...	Smalltalk
  f: func [para1 para2 ...] ...	Rebol
  /f { ... } def	PostScript
  typ0 f(typ1 para1, typ2 para2, ...) { ... }	C, C#, C++, Pike, YCP
  function f(para1, para2) { ... }	Awk, JavaScript
  function f(para1, para2) ... code ... end	Lua
  function f { param(para1, [typ2]para2, ...) ... }	MSH
  (define (f para1 para2) ...)	Scheme
  (defun f (para1 para2) ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  fun { F Para1 Para2 } ... end	Oz
  proc f {para1 para2} { ... }	Tcl
  :- func f(typ1, typ2, ...) = typ0. f(Para1, Para2, ...) = ...	Mercury
  function f(para1 : type1; para2 : typ2; ...) return retval is begin ... end f;	Ada
  function f para1 para2 -> retval arg typ1 para1; arg typ2 para2; arg rettyp retval; ...	Pliant
  function f(para1 : typ1, para2 : typ2, ...) : retval; var retval : typ0; begin ... end	Pascal
  f (para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2; ...) : rettyp is do ... end	Eiffel
  <xsl:template name="f"> <xsl:param name="para1"/> <xsl:param name="para2"/> ... </xsl:template>	XSLT
  Function f(para1, para2) ... End Function	Visual Basic
  : f ... ;	Forth
  f() { ... }	sh
  f : procedure ... return retval	Classic REXX

  procedures

  procedure f(para1 : typ1, para2 : typ2); begin ... end	Pascal
  f (para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2; ...) is do ... end	Eiffel
  procedure f(para1 : typ1; para2 : MODE type2; ...) is begin ... end f; MODE ::= | OUT | IN OUT	Ada
  void f(typ1 para1, typ2 para2, ...) { ... }	C, C#, C++, Pike
  let f(para1, para2, ...) be $( ... $)	BCPL
  proc { F Para1 Para2 } ... end	Oz
  Sub f(para1, para2) ... End Sub	Visual Basic
  f : procedure ... return	Classic REXX

  predicates

  f(Para1, Para2, ....) :- ... .

  Prolog

• anonymous function

  sub { my ($a, $b) = @_; ... }	Perl
  { my ($a, $b) = @_; ... } (20)	Perl
  { ... } (arguments are in the stack	PostScript
  { param(para1, [typ2]para2, ...) ... }	MSH
  {|a, b| ... } (21)	Ruby
  [:a :b| ... ]	Smalltalk
  lambda a, b: ...	Python
  lambda(typ1 para1, typ2, para2, ...) { ... };	Pike
  (a, b) => ...	C#3
  a, b -> ...	merd
  -> $a, $b { ... }	Perl6
  \a b -> ...	Haskell
  fn (a, b) => ...	SML
  fun a b -> ...	OCaml
  (func(A, B) = C :- ...)	Mercury
  function(a, b) ...	JavaScript
  function(a, b) ... end	Lua
  fun(a, b) -> ... end	Erlang
  fun {$ A B} ... end (22)	Oz
  func [a b ...] ...	Rebol
  def _(para1, para2, ...) ... { ... }	E
  proc {|a, b| ...}	Ruby
  lambda {|a, b| ...}	Ruby
  (lambda (a b) ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  method(a, b) ... end method (23)	Dylan
  create_function(',','...')	PHP
  delegate(ta a, tb b) { ... }	C#2

• function return value

  breaks the control flow

  return	Ada, Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, ClassicREXX, E, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, sh, Tcl, YCP
  return (24)	Lua
  Return	Visual Basic
  RETURN	Modula-3
  resultis / return (25)	BCPL
  return from xxx / return	Common Lisp
  ^	Smalltalk

  function body is the result

  no syntax needed

  Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, OCaml, Oz, Perl, Perl6, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, SML

  setting the result

  Result := val	Eiffel
  <function name> := val	Pascal

• function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)

  AUTOLOAD	Perl
  AUTOSCALAR, AUTOMETH, AUTOLOAD...	Perl6
  __getattr__	Python
  method_missing	Ruby
  doesNotUnderstand	Smalltalk
  unknown	Tcl
  no-applicable-method	Common Lisp
  doesNotRecognizeSelector	Objective-C
  match [name, args] { ... }	E
  the predicate fail	Prolog

• runtime inspecting the caller information

  caller	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  inspect.stack()[1]	Python
  backtrace	Pike
  trace 'I'	Classic REXX

• function composition

  .	Haskell
  ~	merd
  o	SML
  compose	Dylan

• identity function

  id	Haskell
  identity	Common Lisp
  yourself	Smalltalk

Control Flow

• sequence

  ,	C, C++, JavaScript, Perl, Pike, Prolog
  .	Smalltalk
  ;	Ada, Awk, B, Beta, C, C#, C++, E, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, PL/I, Pliant, Python, Ruby, sh, SML, Tcl, YCP
  nothing, optionally ;	Classic REXX, Lua
  space	Eiffel, Rebol
  end-of-line	Assembler, Awk, Basic, E, Fortran, Haskell, JavaScript, Lua, merd, Pliant, Python, Ruby, sh, Tcl
  (begin ...)	Scheme
  (progn ...) (prog1 ...) (prog2 ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  >>	Haskell

• if_then

  if c then b	merd, OCaml, Pascal
  if c then b end	Eiffel, Lua, Oz, Ruby
  if c then b end if	Ada
  if c; then b; fi	sh
  if (c) then b end	Dylan
  if c do b	BCPL
  IF c THEN b END	Modula-2, Modula-3
  if (c) b	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, YCP
  if c: b	Python
  if c b	Pliant, Rebol, Tcl
  if (c): b endif	PHP
  if c {b}	Perl6
  if (c) {b}	E, Perl
  c -> b	FL
  c b if	PostScript
  b if c	Perl, Ruby
  c if b1 then	Forth
  (if c b)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  (when c b)	Emacs Lisp
  c ifTrue: b	Smalltalk
  <xsl:if test="c">b</xsl:if>	XSLT
  If c Then b	Visual Basic
  If c b End If	Visual Basic
  if c; b end	Ruby
  if c b end	Ruby
  if c then ; b if c then b if c then do b ... end	Classic REXX

• if_then_else

  if c then b1 else b2	Haskell, merd, OCaml, SML
  if c then b1 else b2 end	Eiffel, Lua, Ruby
  if c then b1 elsif c2 then b2 else b3 end if	Ada
  if c then b1 elseif c2 then b2 else b3 end	Eiffel, Oz
  if (c) then b1 elseif (c2) then b2 else b3 end	Dylan
  IF c THEN b1 ELSIF c2 THEN b2 ELSE b3 END	Modula-3
  If c Then b1 ElseIf c2 Then b2 Else b3 End If	Modula-2
  if (c) b1 else b2	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Pike, YCP
  if c ?then? b1 elsif c2 ?then? b2 ?else? b3	Tcl
  if c then begin b1 end else begin b2 end	Pascal
  if c b1 eif c2 b2 else b3	Pliant
  if c; then b1; elif c2; then b2; else b3; fi	sh
  if (c) b1 elseif (c2) b2 else b3	PHP
  if (c): b1 elseif (c2): b2 else: b3 endif	PHP
  if (c) {b1} elsif (c2) {b2} else {b3}	Perl
  if (c) {b1} else {b2}	E
  (if c b1 b2)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  (if c then b1 else b2)	Mercury
  (c -> b1 ; c2 -> b2 ; b3)	Mercury
  c -> b1 ; c2	FL
  c ifTrue: b1 ifFalse: b2	Smalltalk
  shunt c b1 c2 b2 b3	Pliant
  either c b1 b2 / if/else c b1 b2	Rebol
  (cond (c b1) (c2 b2) (t b3))	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  (cond (c b1) (c2 b2) (else b3))	Scheme
  case when c; b1 when c2; b2 else b3 end	Ruby
  test c then b1 or b2	BCPL
  e | c = b1 | c2 = b2 | otherwise = b3 (26)	Haskell
  c b1 b2 ifelse	PostScript
  c if b1 else b2 then	Forth
  c ? b1 : b2	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Ruby, YCP
  c ?? b1 :: b2	Perl6
  c -> b1, b2	BCPL
  (if c then b1 else b2 fi)	Beta
  <xsl:choose> <xsl:when test="c"> b1 </xsl:when> <xsl:when test="c2"> b2 </xsl:when> <xsl:otherwise> b3 </xsl:otherwise> </xsl:choose>	XSLT
  If c Then b1 Else b2	Visual Basic
  If c b1 Else b2 End If	Visual Basic
  if c: b1 elif c2: b2 else: b3	Python
  if c b1 elsif c2 b2 else b3 end	Ruby
  if c then ; b1 ; else ; b2 if c then b1 else b2 if c then do b1 ... end else do b2 ... end	Classic REXX

• ifnot_then (unless)

  unless

  Emacs Lisp, Perl

• multiple selection (switch)

  switch (val) { case v1: expr1; break; case v2: case v3: expr23; break; default: expr_else; }	C, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike
  switch val { case v1: expr1; goto done; case v2: case v3: expr23; goto done; } expr_else; done:	B
  switch (val) { case v1: expr1; break; case v2: case v3: expr23; break; default: expr_else; break; } (27)	C#
  switch (val) { match v1 { expr1 } match v2 { expr2 } match _ { expr_else } }	E
  switchon val case v1: expr1 case v2: expr2 default: expr_else	BCPL
  case val of v1 : expr1; v2, v3 : expr23 else expr_else end	Pascal
  case val in v1) statement1 ;; v2|v3) statement23 ;; *) statement_else ;; esac	sh
  (if val // v1 then expr1 // v2 then expr2 else expr_else if)	Beta
  match val with | v1 -> expr1 | v2 | v3 -> expr23 | _ -> expr_else	OCaml
  case val of v1 => expr1 | v2 => expr2 | _ => expr_else	SML
  CASE val OF v1 => expr1 | v2 => expr2 ELSE => expr_else END	Modula-3
  case val of v1 -> expr1 v2 -> expr2 _ -> expr_else	Haskell
  val. v1 -> expr1 v2 -> expr2 _ -> expr_else	merd
  (case val ((v1) expr1) ((v2) expr2) (otherwise expr_else))	Common Lisp
  (case val ((v1) expr1) ((v2) expr2) (else expr_else))	Scheme
  case val is when v1 => expr1 when v2 | v3 => expr23 when others => expr_else end case;	Ada
  case val when v1; expr1 when v2, v3; expr23 else expr_else end	Ruby
  inspect val when v1 then statement1 when v2, v3 => statement23 else statement_else end	Eiffel
  select (val); when (v1) statement1; when (v2, v3) statement23; otherwise statement_else; end;	PL/I
  X = val, (X = v1, expr1 ; X = v2, expr2 ; expr_else)	Mercury, Prolog
  my %case = ( v1 => sub { expr1 }, v2 => sub { expr2 }, ); if ($case{val}) { $case{val}->() } else { expr_else }	Perl
  use Switch; switch ($val) { case v1 { expr1 } case v2 { expr2 } else expr_else }) (28)	Perl
  given $val { when v1 { expr1 } when v2 { expr2 } default { expr_else } }	Perl6
  Select val Case v1 expr1 Case v2, v3 expr2 Case Else expr_else End Select	Visual Basic
  switch (val) { v1 { expr1 } v2 { expr2 } default { expr_else } }	MSH
  switch val [ v1 [expr1] v2 [expr2] ] switch/default [ v1 [expr1] v2 [expr2] ][expr_else]	Rebol
  val caseOf: {[v1]->[expr1]. [v2]->[expr2]} otherwise: expr_else	Squeak
  select when v1 expr1 when v2 | v3 expr23 otherwise expr_else end	Classic REXX
  CASE val WHEN v1 THEN expr1 WHEN v2 THEN expr2 ELSE expr_else END	SQL92

• loop

  forever loop

  loop	merd, PostScript, Ruby
  loop expr end loop	Ada
  LOOP expr END	Modula-3
  (loop do expr)	Common Lisp
  cycle (# do ... #)	Beta
  repeat	Squeak
  forever	Rebol
  Do expr Loop	Visual Basic
  do forever ... end	Classic REXX

  while condition do something

  while (cond) expr	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP
  while cond expr	Tcl
  while cond loop expr end loop	Ada
  while cond do expr	BCPL, Pascal, SML
  while cond do expr done	OCaml
  WHILE cond DO expr end	Lua
  while cond; do expr; done	sh
  while [cond][expr]	Rebol
  cond whileTrue: expr	Smalltalk
  (loop while cond do expr)	Common Lisp
  loop (# while ::< (# do cond -> value #) do expr #)	Beta
  begin cond while expr repeat	Forth
  from until not cond loop expr end	Eiffel
  while cond expr	Pliant
  Do While cond expr Loop	Visual Basic
  do while cond ... end	Classic REXX

  do something until condition

  do expr until cond	Perl6
  do {expr} until cond	Perl
  do {expr} while (!cond)	Awk, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Pike
  begin expr end until cond	Ruby
  REPEAT expr UNTIL cond	Modula-3
  loop (# until ::< (# do cond -> value #) do expr #)	Beta
  loop expr exit when cond end loop	Ada
  (loop do expr until cond)	Common Lisp
  expr repeatuntil cond	BCPL
  repeat expr until cond	Lua, Pascal
  repeat expr until (29)	YCP
  until [expr cond]	Rebol
  [expr . cond] whileFalse	Squeak
  Do expr Loop Until cond	Visual Basic

  for each value in a numeric range, 1 increment (see also the entries about ranges)

  for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) expr	C, C#
  foreach my $i (1 .. 10) { expr }	Perl
  foreach ($i in 1..10) { expr }	MSH
  for (1 .. 10) -> $i { expr }	Perl6
  for i := 1 to 10 do expr	Pascal
  for i = 1 to 10 do expr done	OCaml
  For i = 1 To 10 expr Next	Visual Basic
  for i in 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	Ada
  for i in range(1, 11)	Python
  for i in `seq 1 10`; do expr; done	sh
  1 1 10 expr for	PostScript
  (1..10).each {|i| expr }	Ruby
  1.upto(10) {|i| expr }	Ruby
  do i = 1 for 10 ... end	Classic REXX

  for each value in a numeric range, 1 decrement

  for X := 10 downto 1 do expr	Pascal
  for i = 10 downto 1 do expr done	OCaml
  for i in reverse 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	Ada
  for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) expr	C, C#
  for (my $i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) { expr }	Perl
  loop (my $i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) { expr }	Perl6
  for i in range(10, 0, -1)	Python
  for i in `seq 10 -1 1`; do expr; done	sh
  10 -1 1 expr for	PostScript
  10.downto(1) {|i| expr }	Ruby
  do i = 10 to 1 by -1 ... end	Classic REXX

  for each value in a numeric range, free increment

  for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) expr	C, C#
  for (my $i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) { expr }	Perl
  loop (my $i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) { expr }	Perl6
  for i in range(1, 11, 2)	Python
  for i in `seq 1 2 10`; do expr; done	sh
  1 2 10 expr for	PostScript
  (1..10).step(2) {|i| expr }	Ruby
  do i = 1 to 10 by 2 ... end	Classic REXX

  for "a la C" (while + initialisation)

  for	Awk, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, MSH, Perl, PHP, Pike, Tcl
  loop	Perl6
  for ((x = 0; x < 10; x++)); do ...; done	sh
  from init_code until cond loop ... incr_statement end	Eiffel

• breaking control flow

  returning a value

  return	Ada, Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, ClassicREXX, E, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, sh, Tcl, YCP
  return (24)	Lua
  Return	Visual Basic
  RETURN	Modula-3
  resultis / return (25)	BCPL
  return from xxx / return	Common Lisp
  ^	Smalltalk

  goto (unconditional jump)

  goto	Ada, B, Basic, BCPL, C, C#, C++, Cobol, Fortran, Pascal, Perl
  go throw	Common Lisp
  signal	Classic REXX

  continue / break

  continue / break	Awk, C, C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, Python, YCP
  next / last	Perl, Perl6
  next / break (30)	Ruby
  / break	BCPL, Lua
  / break/return	Rebol
  / exit	Ada, PostScript
  restart / leave	Beta, Pliant
  / Exit Do, Exit For	Visual Basic
  / return from xxx or return	Common Lisp
  iterate / leave	Classic REXX

  redo / retry

  redo/	Perl, Perl6
  redo / retry	Ruby

• exception

  throwing

  raise	Ada, Eiffel, merd, OCaml, Python, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI34, SML
  RAISE	Modula-3
  raise ... end	Oz
  throw	C#, C++, E, Erlang, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Pike, Rebol
  throw/name	Rebol
  die	Perl, Perl6
  return -code	Tcl
  error	Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Lua, Lua, Pliant
  signal	Common Lisp, Dylan, Smalltalk
  signal predefined_condition_name	Classic REXX
  cerror warn	Common Lisp
  [NSException raise:name ...]	Objective-C

  catching

  try: a except exn: b	Python
  try a with exn -> b	OCaml
  try a catch (exn) b	C#, C++, Java, JavaScript
  try a catch e then b end	Oz
  try { a CATCH e { b } }	Perl6
  TRY a EXCEPT exn => b END	Modula-3
  a handle exn => b	SML
  a on: exception_name do: [:exn | b]	Smalltalk
  ifCurtailed	Smalltalk
  rescue	Eiffel, Ruby
  eval {a}; if ($@) b	Perl
  exception when exception_name =>	Ada
  catch a (\e -> b)	Haskell
  catch	Erlang, Rebol, Tcl
  catch/name	Rebol
  catch(expr) or catch { ... };	Pike
  pcall	Lua
  with-exception-handler or guard	Scheme-SRFI34
  block a exception(exn) b end	Dylan
  ?, shy, safe	Pliant
  handler-bind handler-case ignore-errors	Common Lisp
  NS_DURING a NS_HANDLER b NS_ENDHANDLER	Objective-C
  signal on predefined_condition_name ... predefined_condition_name : ...	Classic REXX

  cleanup: code executed before leaving

  ensure	Ruby, Smalltalk
  finally	C#, Java, Python
  FINALLY	Modula-3
  unwind-protect	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  cleanup	Dylan
  dynamic-wind	Scheme

  retrying: after catching an exception, tell the snippet to be re-run

  retry	Eiffel, Ruby, Smalltalk
  restart	Dylan
  continue	Python

  resume execution where the exception took place

  resume

  Smalltalk

• call-with-current-continuation

  call-with-current-continuation (31)	Scheme
  callcc	Ruby, SML-NJ

Types

• declaration

  typedef t n	C, C++, Pike
  type n is t	Ada
  type n ...	Pliant
  type n = t	Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  TYPE n = t	Modula-3
  using n = ...	C#
  data n = t	Haskell
  datatype n = t	SML
  newtype n = t	Haskell
  n = t	merd
  n : t	Beta
  (deftype n () 't)	Common Lisp

• annotation (or variable declaration)

  :	Ada, E, Eiffel, Modula-3, OCaml, SML
  ::	Dylan, Haskell, Mercury
  !!	merd
  t v	C, C#, C++, Java, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, YCP
  (declare (v t))	Common Lisp
  v :@ t	Beta

• cast

  upcast

  (t) e	C, C#, C++, Java, PHP
  t(e)	Ada, Pascal
  [t] e	Pike
  static_cast<t>(e)	C++
  e :> t	OCaml
  CAST(e as t)	SQL92

  downcast (need runtime checking)

  (t) e	Java
  t(e)	Ada
  e : t	E
  [t] e	Pike
  dynamic_cast<t>(e)	C++
  e as t	C#
  v ?= e (32)	Eiffel
  NARROW(e, t)	Modula-3

  computed conversion (calls an internal or a user-defined function)

  (t) e	C++, Pike
  [t] e	MSH
  t(e)	C++
  e : t	E
  cast e t	Pliant
  expr cast t	Pliant
  make t e / to t e	Rebol

• mutability, constness

  type of a mutable value

  it is the default	Ada, C, C#, C++, Java
  val x: T	Pascal
  T ref	OCaml, SML
  STRef a T	Haskell

  type of a constant value

  const T	C++, C99
  constant T	Ada
  const x: T	Pascal
  it is the default	Haskell, OCaml, SML

  special cases

  "readonly" fields (33)	C#
  "final" fields, parameters, local variables (33)	Java

Object Oriented & Reflexivity

• method invocation

  object.method(para)	Beta, C#, C++, Cecil, Delphi-Kylix, E, Eiffel, Icon, Java, JavaScript, merd, Modula-3, MSH, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Sather, Visual Basic
  object#method para	OCaml
  object:method(para)	Lua
  object method para	Pliant, Tcl
  object method: para1 method_continuation: para2	Smalltalk
  object <- method(para) (34)	E
  [ object method: para ]	Objective-C
  object->method(para)	C++, Perl, PHP, Pike
  object["method"](para)	Pike
  object/method para	Rebol
  method object para	Haskell, Mercury
  (method object para)	Common Lisp
  method(object, para)	Ada, Dylan
  para->method	Beta
  (send object method para)	MzScheme

  with no parameter

  object.method	Eiffel, merd, Perl6, Ruby
  object.property (35)	C#
  object.method()	C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, Python
  object#method	OCaml
  object:method	Pliant
  object->method	Perl
  object->method()	Pike
  object/method	Rebol
  object["method"]()	Pike
  object method	Smalltalk
  [ object method ]	Objective-C
  method object	Haskell, Mercury
  (method object)	Common Lisp
  method(object)	Ada, Dylan
  (send object method)	MzScheme

• object creation

  new	Ada, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Ruby, Simula, Smalltalk
  class_name()	Pike, Python
  !class_name!constructor_name(...)	Eiffel
  &	Beta
  make-object	MzScheme
  (make-instance class_name ...)	Common Lisp
  [class_name alloc]	Objective-C
  make class_name! ...	Rebol
  def object_name { ... }	E

• object cloning

  o.clone	Perl6
  o.clone (36)	Eiffel, Ruby
  o.deep_clone	Eiffel
  o.clone()	Java
  o.Clone()	C#
  clone / copy or deepCopy	Smalltalk
  dclone	Perl
  [o copy]	Objective-C
  copy.copy(o) (37)	Python
  purecopy	Emacs Lisp
  {< >} or Oo.copy o	OCaml
  o2 = o (38)	C++, PHP
  o2.all := o.all	Ada
  make o []	Rebol

• manually call an object's destructor

  delete	C++, JavaScript
  destroy	Java, Pike
  DESTROY	Perl
  dealloc	Objective-C
  Dispose	C#
  __del__	Python
  Requires instantiation of Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation	Ada

• class declaration

  class	C#, C++, Haskell, Java, MzScheme, OCaml, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
  class c inherit p1 p2 ... feature decl decl ... end	Eiffel
  defclass defstruct	Common Lisp
  subclass	Smalltalk
  type	Pliant
  type c is tagged record ... end record	Ada
  @interface c { ... } ... @end	Objective-C
  :	Beta

• testing class membership

  isa	Perl
  is_a? kind_of?	Ruby
  o.meta.isa	Perl6
  isKindOf	Smalltalk
  isKindOfClass	Objective-C
  dynamic_cast	C++
  instanceof	Java, JavaScript
  isinstance	Python
  in	Ada
  is	C#
  is_a	PHP
  Program.inherits or Program.implements	Pike
  entry_type	Pliant
  typep	Common Lisp
  ISTYPE	Modula-3
  object## < classname##	Beta
  type.accepts(object) / object =~ v : type	E
  var ?= val (39)	Eiffel

• get the type/class corresponding to an object/instance/value

  class	Objective-C, Ruby, Smalltalk
  __class__	Python
  getClass	Java
  typeid	C++
  typeof	C#, JavaScript
  type-of	Common Lisp
  ref	Perl
  generator	Eiffel
  meta	Perl6
  object_program	Pike
  getAllegedType	E

• methods available

  methods	Ruby
  get_class_methods	PHP
  getMethods	Java
  get-member	MSH
  indices	Pike
  o.meta.getmethods	Perl6
  o.__class__.__dict__ (40)	Python
  o class selectors / o class allSelectors	Smalltalk
  o.__getAllegedType().getMessageTypes()	E

• inheritance

  child :< parent	Beta
  class child : parent	C#, C++
  class child < parent end	Ruby
  class child is parent { ... }	Perl6
  class child extends parent	Java
  class child(parent):	Python
  class child inherit parent end	Eiffel
  parent subclass: child	Smalltalk
  make parent ...	Rebol
  inherit	OCaml, Pike
  def child extends makeSuperObject(parent, ...) { ... }	E
  type child is new parent with record ... end record	Ada
  (defclass child (parent) ...)	Common Lisp
  @interface child : parent { ... } ... @end	Objective-C
  @ISA = qw(parent1 parent2)	Perl

• has the method

  can	Perl, Perl6
  respond_to?	Ruby
  respondsTo	E, Smalltalk
  respondsToSelector	Objective-C
  hasattr(obj, "meth") (41)	Python
  object->method	Pike
  all [in object 'method function? get in object 'method]	Rebol
  find-method	Common Lisp

• current instance

  this	Beta, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike
  THIS	Simula
  self	Objective-C, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk
  object_name if defined as: def object_name { ... }	E
  Current	Eiffel
  first parameter	Perl, Pliant, Python
  first parameter (42)	Python
  dispatching parameter	Ada, Common Lisp
  Me	Visual Basic
  .	Perl6

• accessing parent method

  super	E, Java, Objective-C, Ruby, Smalltalk
  super(Class, self).meth(args)	Python
  base	C#
  Precursor	Eiffel
  $o.SUPER::method(...)	Perl6
  $o->SUPER::method(...)	Perl
  method(parent(dispatching-parameter))	Ada
  call-next-method	Common Lisp

• accessing child method

  inner

  Beta

Package, Module

• package scope

  .	Ada, C#, E, Haskell, Java, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Python, Ruby, SML
  :	XML
  ::	C++, merd, Perl, Tcl, YCP
  : :: (43)	Common Lisp
  '	Perl
  __	Mercury

• declare

  package p;	Java, Perl
  namespace p { ... }	C#, C++
  module p where ...	Haskell
  module P ... end	Ruby
  { module "p"; ... }	YCP
  :- module(p)	Prolog
  (defpackage p ...)	Common Lisp
  automatically done based on the file name	OCaml, Python
  <node xmlns="namespace"> ... </node>	XML
  package p is -- Declare public package members here private -- Declare private package members here end p; package body p is ... -- Define package implementation here end p;	Ada

  selective export

  module p (name1, name2, ...) where ...	Haskell
  @ISA = qw(Exporter); @EXPORT = qw(name1 name2 ...);	Perl
  package p is ... end; package body p is ... end;	Ada
  (export 'name1 'name2)	Common Lisp
  attached to each name (public, private...)	Java, Pike
  append_features	Ruby

• import

  everything into current namespace

  use p (44)	Perl
  uses p	Pascal
  using p	C#
  using namespace p;	C++
  (use-package 'p)	Common Lisp
  open p	OCaml
  import	Pike
  import p	Haskell
  IMPORT p;	Modula-2
  import p.*	Java
  import "p"	YCP
  from p import *	Python
  with p; use p;	Ada
  inherit c export {NONE} all end	Eiffel
  include or even extend	Ruby
  do	Rebol

  selectively

  import p (name1, name2, ...)	Haskell
  import p.name1; import p.name2	Java
  (import '(p:name1 p:name2))	Common Lisp
  use p qw(name1 name2 ...)	Perl
  from p import name1, name2, ...	Python
  FROM p IMPORT name1, name2, ...;	Modula-2
  using p::name1; using p::name2; ...	C++
  with p; use type p.type1; ...	Ada
  def name := <import:p.name>	E
  :- use_module(name1, name2, ...)	Prolog

  package (ie. load the package)

  import p	Python
  use p; (45)	Perl
  require p	Perl
  require "p"	Ruby
  (require 'p) (46)	Common Lisp
  with p;	Ada
  automatically done (47)	Java, OCaml

Strings

• type name

  char[]	C
  char const[]	C++
  string	C#, C++, OCaml, Pascal, Pike, YCP
  string!	Rebol
  String	Ada, C#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
  STRING	Eiffel
  str	YAML
  Str	Perl6, Pliant
  NSString *	Objective-C
  CHAR, VARCHAR(size)	SQL92

• character type name

  char	C, C#, C++, OCaml
  char!	Rebol
  Char	Haskell, merd, Perl6
  Character	Ada, Smalltalk
  CHARACTER	Eiffel

• character "z"

  'z'	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, E, Eiffel, Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Pike, Prolog
  "z"	Classic REXX, merd, sh
  $z	Smalltalk
  #\z	Common Lisp, Scheme
  #"z"	Rebol
  &z	Oz
  ?z	Emacs Lisp, Ruby

• strings

  verbatim

  '...'	Beta, Classic REXX, JavaScript, Lua, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, sh, Smalltalk, SQL92, YAML
  "..."	Ada, Awk, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, FL, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Modula-3, OCaml, Oz, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Scheme, SML, YAML, YCP
  "..." or '...'	XPath
  '''...''', """..."""	Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  <<'MARK' ... MARK	Perl, Ruby, sh
  {...{...}...}	Tcl
  (...)	PostScript
  q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../	Ruby
  q(...(...)...)	merd
  @"...""..."	C#
  @"..."	Objective-C

  with interpolation

  "... $v ..."	Perl, Perl6, PHP, sh, Tcl
  "... {v} ..."	merd
  "... #{v} ..." "... #$v ..." "... #@v ..." "... #@@v ..."	Ruby
  <<MARK ... $v ... MARK	Perl, sh
  <<MARK ... #{v} ... MARK	Ruby
  <<<MARK ... $v ... MARK	PHP
  [ subst {...{... $v ...}...} ]	Tcl
  qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %Q(...(... #{v} ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../	Ruby
  qq(...(... {v} ...)...)	merd
  "... %(v)s ..." % vars()	Python

  end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character)

  "\n"	C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP
  "*n"	B, BCPL
  "%N"	Eiffel
  "^/"	Rebol
  "~%" (48)	Common Lisp
  "[lf]"	Pliant

• multi-line

  all strings allow multi-line strings	Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Ruby, Scheme, YCP
  @"..."	C#
  '''...''', """..."""	Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  {...}	Rebol
  "...\n" "...\n"	C
  ... "...\n\ \...\n"	Haskell
  "...", "..."	Classic REXX

• convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)

  show	Haskell
  to_s, to_str, inspect, String()	Ruby
  to_string	merd, Pliant
  tostring	Lua, YCP
  toString	Java, JavaScript
  ToString	C#
  String	JavaScript
  perl	Perl6
  Dumper	Perl
  "" . e	Perl
  "" ~ e	Perl6
  "" + e	E, Java, JavaScript
  string	Pliant
  str, `e`, repr	Python
  out	Eiffel
  cvs	PostScript
  'Image	Ada
  asString printString	Smalltalk
  as(<string>, e)	Dylan
  (string) e	Pike
  (coerce e 'string)	Common Lisp
  prin1-to-string	Emacs Lisp
  to string! / to-string / to ""	Rebol
  description	Objective-C

• serialize (marshaling)

  export-clixml	MSH
  Marshal.to_string	OCaml

• unserialize (un-marshaling)

  import-clixml	MSH
  Marshal.from_string	OCaml

• sprintf-like

  sprintf	Awk, C, C++, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby
  %	Python, Ruby
  format (49)	Common Lisp, Erlang, Scheme-SRFI28
  Format	C#
  putFormat	Beta
  stringWithFormat	Objective-C

• simple print

  on strings

  puts	C, Dylan
  print	Awk, Basic, Java, merd, PHP, SML
  write	JavaScript, Pascal, Pike
  putStr	Haskell
  print_string	OCaml
  console	Pliant
  writeln	JavaScript, Pascal
  write-string	Common Lisp
  putStrLn	Haskell
  Put_Line	Ada
  display	Cobol
  message	Emacs Lisp
  put_string	Eiffel
  show	Smalltalk
  print_endline (50)	OCaml
  println (50)	Java, merd
  put_chars	Erlang
  echo	PHP
  echo (50)	sh
  emit	Forth
  putText	Beta
  say	Classic REXX

  on simple objects

  print	Perl, Perl6
  say (50)	Perl6
  puts (50)	Tcl

  on any objects

  print	Ruby
  print (50)	Dylan, Haskell, Python, Rebol
  prin	Rebol
  display write	Scheme
  Put	Ada
  p (50)	Ruby
  puts (51)	Ruby
  write	Prolog
  write prin1 princ print	Common Lisp
  princ prin1	Emacs Lisp
  WriteLine	C#

  printf-like

  printf	Awk, C, C++, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Ruby
  write	Pike
  WriteLine	C#
  putFormat	Beta
  format (49)	Common Lisp

• string equality & inequality

  eq ne	Perl, Perl6, Tcl
  strcmp	C
  == !=	JavaScript, Pike
  isEqualToString (52)	Objective-C
  == !=	Awk, C#, C++, E, merd, Python, Ruby, YCP
  == /=	Haskell
  == \=	Oz
  = !=	sh, XPath
  = /=	Ada
  = \=	Classic REXX
  = <>	Beta, OCaml, Pliant, SML
  = ~=	Dylan, Smalltalk
  == \== or = <> \=	Classic REXX
  equal?	Ruby, Scheme
  equals	Java
  equal, equalp	Common Lisp
  is_equal	Eiffel
  isEqual	Objective-C

• string size

  length	Awk, Beta, C++, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PostScript, Ruby
  LENGTH	Classic REXX
  'Length	Ada
  length?	Rebol
  size	C++, E, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, YCP
  Length	C#, Modula-3, Oz, Pascal
  len	Pliant, Python, Visual Basic
  strlen	C, PHP
  string-length	Scheme, XPath
  sizeof	Pike
  count	Eiffel
  bytes chars	Perl6
  CHARACTER_LENGTH	SQL92

• string concatenation

  +	C#, C++, E, Eiffel, Java, JavaScript, merd, MSH, Pascal, Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, YCP
  .	Perl, PHP
  ,	Smalltalk
  ..	Lua
  ~	Perl6
  &	Ada, Modula-3, Visual Basic
  ^	OCaml, SML
  ||	Cecil, Classic REXX, Icon, PL/I, SQL92
  ++	Haskell
  $a$b	sh, Tcl
  concatenate	Common Lisp, Dylan
  string-append	Scheme
  Cat	Modula-3
  strcat	C
  concat	XPath
  append	Beta, Rebol
  stringByAppendingString	Objective-C
  	Awk, Classic REXX

• duplicate n times

  *	Ada, E, Pike, Python, Ruby
  x	Perl, Perl6
  times	merd
  repeat	Pliant
  str_repeat	PHP
  string repeat	Tcl
  strrep	Lua
  insert/dup	Rebol
  COPIES	Classic REXX

• upper / lower case character

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  upper / lower	Pliant, Python
  toUpper / toLower	Haskell
  to_upper / to_lower	Eiffel
  To_Upper / To_Lower	Ada
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	E, Java, JavaScript
  upper_case / lower_case	Pike
  uppercase / lowercase	OCaml
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  upper / lower (53)	Lua
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#, Oz
  toupper / tolower	Awk, C, C++
  string toupper / string tolower	Tcl
  asLowercase / asUppercase	Smalltalk
  upCase / lowCase	Beta
  uppercase form / lowercase form	Rebol
  char-upcase / char-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme

• uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  upper / lower	Python, SQL92
  uppercase/lowercase	OCaml, Rebol
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	E, Java, JavaScript
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#
  to_upper / to_lower	Ada, Eiffel
  toupper / tolower	Awk, YCP
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  UpperCase / LowerCase	Pascal
  uppercaseString / lowercaseString / capitalizedString	Objective-C
  UCase / LCase	Visual Basic
  strtoupper / strtolower	PHP
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  string toupper / string tolower	Tcl
  string-upcase / string-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme
  asLowercase / asUppercase	Smalltalk
  makeLC / makeUC	Beta
  parse upper var in_var out_var / parse lower var in_var out_var	Classic REXX

• ascii to character

  chr	Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML
  format %c $c	Tcl
  toChar	E
  strchar	Lua
  from_integer	Eiffel
  fromCharCode	JavaScript
  character	Pliant
  Character value: c	Smalltalk
  code-char	Common Lisp
  integer->char	Scheme
  'Val	Ada
  (char) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to char! / to-char	Rebol
  X2C, D2C	Classic REXX

• character to ascii

  ord	Haskell, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, SML
  getNumericValue	Java
  charCodeAt	JavaScript
  asciiValue	Smalltalk
  code	Eiffel, OCaml
  char-code	Common Lisp
  char->integer	Scheme
  s[0]	Ruby
  s 0 get	PostScript
  scan $s %c	Tcl
  strbyte	Lua
  toInteger	E
  'Pos	Ada
  number	Pliant
  (int) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to integer! / to-integer	Rebol
  C2X, C2D	Classic REXX

• accessing n-th character

  s[n]	C, C#, C++, E, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
  s(n)	Ada
  s:n	Pliant
  s.[n]	OCaml
  s !! n	Haskell
  s @ n	Eiffel
  s/:n	Rebol
  string index s n	Tcl
  sub	SML
  char, aref, schar, svref	Common Lisp
  GetChar	Modula-3
  at	Smalltalk
  at (54)	C++
  aref	Common Lisp
  char(s, i)	B
  charAt	Java, JavaScript
  characterAtIndex	Objective-C
  n -> s.inxGet	Beta
  string-ref	Scheme

• extract a substring

  s[n..m]	Pike, Ruby
  s(n..m)	Ada
  s(n,m+1)	E
  s[n:m+1]	Python
  s[n,len]	Ruby
  s n len	Pliant
  strndup(s + n, len)	C
  substring	Eiffel, Java, Scheme, SML, XPath, YCP
  Substring	C#
  substr	C++, Perl, Perl6, PHP
  SUBSTR	Classic REXX
  sub	OCaml
  SUB	Modula-3
  subseq	Common Lisp
  slice	JavaScript
  range	Tcl
  copy/part at s n len	Rebol
  copy/part at s n at s m	Rebol
  s copyFrom: n to: m	Smalltalk
  (n,m)->s.sub	Beta
  [s substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(n, len)]	Objective-C
  SUBSTRING(s FROM n len)	SQL92

• locate a substring

  index	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  indexOf	Java, JavaScript
  IndexOf	C#
  startOf	E
  search	Common Lisp, Pike, PostScript
  strstr / strchr / index	C
  find	Rebol, YCP
  find / index	Python
  index / index_non_blank / find_token	Ada
  substring_index	Eiffel
  rangeOfString	Objective-C
  POS	Classic REXX
  POSITION(needle IN s)	SQL92

• locate a substring (starting at the end)

  rindex	OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  rfind	C++
  rfind / rindex	Python
  find/last	Rebol
  / strrchr / rindex	C
  index(Going => Backward)	Ada
  lastStartOf	E
  lastIndexOf	Java, JavaScript
  last_index_of (55)	Eiffel
  LastIndexOf	C#
  (search substring string :from-end t)	Common Lisp
  [string rangeOfString:substring options:NSBackwardsSearch]	Objective-C
  LASTPOS	Classic REXX

Booleans

• type name

  Bool	Haskell, Perl6, Pliant
  bool	C#, C++, C99, OCaml, Python, YAML
  Boolean	Ada, Lua, Pascal, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
  boolean	Common Lisp, Java, YCP
  BOOLEAN	Eiffel
  logic!	Rebol

• false value

  nil	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Lua
  undef / 0 / "0" / "" / ()	Perl, Perl6
  False / None / 0 / "" / () / [] / {}	Python
  false / 0 / ""	PHP
  NULL / 0 / '\0'	C
  NULL / 0 / '\0' / false	C++, C99
  0 / "0" / ""	Awk
  0 / NaN / "" / false()	XPath
  0	Classic REXX
  0 (56)	B, Pike
  0 / False	Visual Basic
  false / none	Rebol
  false / null / undefined / 0 / NaN / ""	JavaScript
  false / no / off / 0	Tcl
  false / no / off / n	YAML
  false / nil	Lua, Ruby
  false	Ada, BCPL, Beta, C#, E, FL, Java, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Pliant, PostScript, Smalltalk, SML, YCP
  False	Eiffel, Haskell, merd
  FALSE	Modula-3, SQL92
  false / exit status different from 0	sh
  No / fail	Prolog
  #f	Dylan, Scheme

• true value

  anything not false	Awk, B, C, Perl, Perl6, Pike
  true / anything not false	C++, C99, JavaScript, Lua, PHP, Ruby
  true / anything not false	Rebol
  True / anything not false	Python
  true() / anything not false	XPath
  #t / anything not false	Dylan, Scheme
  t / anything not false	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  yes / on / true / non zero number	Tcl
  yes / on / true / y	YAML
  True	Eiffel, Haskell, merd
  non-zero-numbers / True	Visual Basic
  TRUE	Modula-3, SQL92
  true	Ada, BCPL, Beta, C#, E, FL, Java, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, PHP, Pliant, PostScript, Smalltalk, SML, YCP
  true / exit status 0	sh
  Yes / true	Prolog
  1	Classic REXX

• logical not

  !	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby, Tcl, YCP
  not	Ada, Beta, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, Forth, Haskell, Lua, merd, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, XPath
  Not	Oz, Visual Basic
  NOT	Modula-3
  ~	BCPL, Dylan, PL/I
  ^	PL/I
  \	Classic REXX

• logical or / and

  short circuit

  || / &&	Awk, C, C#, C++, E, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby, Tcl, YCP
  | / &	B, BCPL, Dylan
  or / and	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Lua, Modula-2, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  or / &	OCaml
  or / and & (57)	Modula-2
  OR / AND	Modula-3
  any / all	Rebol
  orelse / andalso	SML
  orelse / andthen	Oz
  or else / and then	Ada, Eiffel
  ; / ,	Prolog

  non short circuit (always evaluates both arguments)

  | / &	C#, Classic REXX, Java, Smalltalk
  or / and	Ada, Beta, Eiffel, Forth, Pascal, PostScript, Rebol, SML, XPath
  Or / And	Visual Basic
  Or / And (58)	Oz
  \/ / /\ (10)	BCPL
  ?| /	Perl6

Bags and Lists

• type name

  seq	YAML
  a list	OCaml
  [a]	Haskell
  a[]	C#
  List	Pliant
  Array or List	Perl6

• list concatenation

  +	E, Eiffel, merd, Pike, Python, Ruby
  ,	Smalltalk
  , (59)	Perl
  @	OCaml, SML
  ++	Haskell
  |||	Icon
  array_merge	PHP
  merge	YCP
  concat	JavaScript, Tcl
  concatenate	Dylan
  append nconc	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  append	Beta, Rebol, Scheme
  Append	Oz
  arrayByAddingObjectsFromArray	Objective-C

• list flattening

  one level depth

  concat	Haskell, Mercury, SML
  flatten	merd, OCaml, YCP
  Flatten	Oz
  eval concat	Tcl

  recursive

  flatten

  Pike, Ruby

• list constructor

  [ a, b, c ]	E, Haskell, JavaScript, merd, Perl, Perl6, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Ruby, SML, YAML, YCP
  ( a, b, c )	Perl, Perl6
  { a, b, c } (60)	C, C++, Lua
  #(a, b, c)	Dylan
  #(a b c) (61)	Smalltalk
  { a. b. c }	Squeak
  [ a ; b ; c ]	OCaml
  [ a b c ]	Oz, Rebol
  ({ a, b, c })	Pike
  '(a b c)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  << a, b, c >>	Eiffel
  list	Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Scheme, Tcl
  new t[] { a, b, c }	C#
  new[] { a, b, c }	C#3
  new List<t> { a, b, c}	C#3
  Array(a, b, c) (62)	JavaScript
  [NSArray arrayWithObjects:a, b, c, nil]	Objective-C
  - a - b - c	YAML

• list/array indexing

  a[i]	B, C, C#, C++, Dylan, E, Java, JavaScript, Lua, merd, Modula-3, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
  a*[i] or a!i or a*(i) depending on the version	BCPL
  a[i]:default	YCP
  a(i)	Ada
  a:i	Pliant
  a/:i	Rebol
  a.(i)	OCaml
  a !! i	Haskell, Mercury
  a @ i	Eiffel
  a i get (63)	PostScript
  at (64)	Smalltalk
  at (54)	C++
  lindex	Tcl
  Nth	Oz
  nth / aref	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  list-ref / vector-ref	Scheme
  element	Dylan
  slice	Ruby
  node[i]	XPath
  objectAtIndex	Objective-C

• adding an element at the beginning (list cons)

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  :	Haskell, merd
  ::	OCaml, SML
  |	Oz
  [ e | l ]	Erlang, Prolog
  cons	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  pair	Dylan

  side-effect

  unshift	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  prepend	YCP
  push_front	C++
  addFirst	Smalltalk
  insert	Rebol
  put_first	Eiffel
  push	Common Lisp
  array_unshift	PHP

• adding an element at index

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  side-effect

  [a insertObject:e atIndex:i]	Objective-C
  a.insert(i, e)	Ruby

• adding an element at the end

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  push	merd
  arrayByAddingObject	Objective-C

  side-effect

  push	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  push_back	C++
  append	Pliant, Python, Rebol
  +=	Pliant
  add	Java, Smalltalk, YCP
  put_last	Eiffel
  array_push	PHP
  addObject	Objective-C

• first element

  head	Haskell
  hd	OCaml
  car	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  first	Eiffel, Pliant, Rebol, Smalltalk

  iterator

  head	Beta
  begin	C++

• all but the first element

  tail	Haskell
  tl	OCaml
  cdr	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  allButFirst	Smalltalk

• last element

  last	E, Eiffel, Haskell, Pliant, Rebol, Scheme, Smalltalk
  Last	Oz
  lastObject	Objective-C
  a[-1]	Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby
  node[last()]	XPath
  (car (last lst))	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp

  iterator

• get the first element and remove it

  shift	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  shift!	merd
  pop	Common Lisp
  removeFirst	Smalltalk
  array_shift	PHP

• get the last element and remove it

  pop	E, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  pop!	merd
  array_pop	PHP
  removeLast	Smalltalk

• for each element do something

  each	merd, Pliant, Ruby
  for in	E, JavaScript, Python, Ruby
  for	Perl
  foreach	Lua, Perl, PHP, Pike, Rebol, Tcl
  foreach (t v in l) ...	C#
  foreach (v in l) ...	C#3
  foreach ($v in l) ...	MSH
  foreach(t v, l, { ... })	YCP
  for_each	C++
  for-each	Scheme
  forall	PostScript
  ForAll	Oz
  iter	OCaml
  do	Smalltalk
  do_all	Eiffel
  app	SML
  mapc	Emacs Lisp
  mapM_	Haskell
  for (v in l) ...	Awk, Dylan
  For Each v in l ... Next	Visual Basic
  for v in range loop .. end loop	Ada
  (dolist (v l) ...) (loop for v in l do ...) mapc	Common Lisp
  list.iterate (# do current ... #)	Beta

• transform a list (or bag) in another one

  map	Dylan, Haskell, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Scheme, SML
  Map	Oz
  mapcar	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  maplist	YCP
  for-each	XSLT
  foreach or selected	MSH
  collect	Ruby, Smalltalk
  transform	C++
  array_map	PHP
  [ f x | x <- l ] (65)	Haskell
  [ f(x) for x in l ] (65)	Python

• transform two lists in parallel

  map2	OCaml
  zipWith	Haskell
  Zip	Oz
  map	Dylan, Python, Scheme
  mapcar	Common Lisp
  l1 with: l2 collect: ...	Smalltalk
  transform	C++
  ListPair.map	SML

• find an element

  find	Haskell, merd, OCaml, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML, YCP
  find find_if	C++
  find find-if	Common Lisp
  first (15)	Perl
  detect	Ruby, Smalltalk
  search	Pike
  lsearch	Tcl
  indexOfObject, indexOfObjectIdenticalTo	Objective-C

• keep elements matching

  find_all	OCaml, Ruby
  filter	Haskell, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Pike, Python, Scheme-SRFI1, SML, YCP
  filter!	Scheme-SRFI1
  Filter	Oz
  grep	Perl, Perl6
  where	MSH
  select	Ruby, Smalltalk
  remove-if delete-if	Common Lisp
  reject	Ruby
  choose	Dylan
  [ x | x <- l, p x ] (65)	Haskell
  [ x for x in l if p(x) ] (65)	Python

• f(... f(f(init, e1), e2) ..., en)

  foldl	Haskell, Mercury, merd, SML
  FoldL	Oz
  fold_left	OCaml
  fold	Scheme-SRFI1
  reduce	Common Lisp, Dylan, Perl6, Pike, Python
  reduce (15)	Perl
  inject	Ruby
  inject into	Smalltalk

• f(e1, f(e2, ... f(en, init) ...))

  foldr	Haskell, Mercury, merd, SML
  FoldR	Oz
  fold-right	Scheme-SRFI1
  fold_right	OCaml
  rreduce	Pike
  (reduce f '(e1 e2 ... en) :from-right t :initial-value init)	Common Lisp

• split a list in 2 based on a predicate

  partition	Haskell, merd, OCaml, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML
  partition!	Scheme-SRFI1
  Partition	Oz
  split-sequence (66)	Common Lisp

• is an element in the list

  member?	Dylan, merd, Ruby
  include?	Ruby
  mem	OCaml
  member	Common Lisp
  member memq memv	Scheme
  Member	Oz
  contains	E, YCP
  containsObject	Objective-C
  in	JavaScript, Python, SQL92
  in_array	PHP
  includes	Smalltalk
  elem	Haskell, Mercury
  has	Eiffel
  has_value	Pike

• is the predicate true for an element

  any	Haskell, Mercury, Python, Scheme-SRFI1
  any?	Dylan, Ruby
  anySatisfy	Smalltalk
  exists	OCaml, SML
  exists?	merd
  some	Common Lisp
  Some	Oz

• is the predicate true for every element

  all	Haskell, Mercury, Python, SML
  All	Oz
  all?	merd, Ruby
  allSatisfy	Smalltalk
  every	Common Lisp, Scheme-SRFI1
  every?	Dylan
  for_all	OCaml

• smallest / biggest element

  min / max	Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  minimum / maximum	Haskell, Mercury, merd
  minimum-of / maximum-of	Rebol
  min minstr / max maxstr (15)	Perl
  min_element / max_element	C++

• join a list of strings in a string using a glue string

  join	JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby
  Join	C#
  rjoin	E
  concat	OCaml
  l * glue	Pike, Ruby
  (macpconcat 'identity l glue)	Emacs Lisp
  componentsJoinedByString	Objective-C

• list size

  size	C++, Dylan, E, Java, merd, Pliant, Ruby, Smalltalk, YCP
  sizeof	Pike
  length	C#, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Mercury, OCaml, PostScript, Prolog, Ruby, Scheme, SML
  Length	Oz
  length?	Rebol
  len	Python
  llength	Tcl
  elems	Perl6
  getn	Lua
  count	Eiffel, Objective-C, PHP, SQL92, XPath
  scalar @l	Perl

• iterate with index

  each_with_index	merd, Ruby
  foreach($l as $i => $v)	PHP
  for i => v in l	E
  for (v in l, i from 0) ... end	Dylan
  forAllInd	Oz
  foreachi	Lua
  foreach(l; typ0 i; typ1 v) { ... }	Pike
  withIndexDo	Squeak
  (loop for v in l as i upfrom 0 do ...)	Common Lisp

• remove duplicates

  uniq	merd, Perl6, Ruby
  uniq or uniq2	Pike
  unique	Rebol
  unique (67)	C++
  nub	Haskell
  array_unique	PHP
  delete-duplicates delete-duplicates!	Scheme-SRFI1
  remove-duplicates	Dylan
  remove-duplicates delete-duplicates	Common Lisp
  lsort -unique	Tcl
  toset	YCP
  distinct	SQL92

• sort

  sort	C#, C++, Common Lisp, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Rebol, Ruby, XSLT, YCP
  sort (68)	Scheme
  sorted	Python
  Sort	Oz
  sort_by	merd, Ruby
  sortBy	Haskell, Smalltalk
  order by	SQL92
  lsort	Tcl
  asort	Awk
  sort-object	MSH
  sortedArrayUsingSelector, sortUsingSelector	Objective-C

• reverse

  reverse	C++, Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Mercury, merd, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme
  Reverse	C#, Oz
  reversed	Smalltalk
  reverse_copy	C++
  rev	OCaml, SML
  array_reverse	PHP

• list of couples from 2 lists

  combine	OCaml
  zip	Haskell, merd, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML
  pairlis (69)	Common Lisp
  transpose	Ruby

• 2 lists from a list of couples

  split	OCaml
  unzip	Haskell, merd, SML
  unzip2	Scheme-SRFI1
  transpose	Ruby
  zip(*l)	Python

• lookup an element in a association list

  lookup	Haskell
  assoc	Common Lisp, OCaml, Ruby
  assoc assq	Emacs Lisp
  assoc assq assv	Scheme
  select	Rebol

• list out of a bag

  to_a	Ruby
  toArray	Java
  asArray	Smalltalk
  to_list	merd
  map-as(<list>, bag)	Dylan

Various Data Types

• tuple type

  t1 * ... * tn	OCaml
  (t1, ..., tn)	Haskell
  t1, ..., tn	merd
  tuple!	Rebol
  Tuple[T1, T2, T3]	E

• tuple constructor

  a, b, c	Lua, merd, OCaml, Python, Ruby
  ( a, b, c )	Ada, Haskell, Perl, Prolog, SML
  { a. b. c }	Smalltalk
  [ a, b, c ]	E
  a . b . c	Rebol
  (cons a b)	Common Lisp

• computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing)

  empty tuple

  ()	merd, Perl, Perl6, Python
  []	Ruby
  {} or #()	Smalltalk
  Nothing	Prolog

  1-uple

  a or [a]	Ruby
  a,	Perl6, Python
  tuple([a])	Python
  (a)	Perl
  ((a))	merd
  {a}	Smalltalk

  using a tuple for a function call

  t	merd, Perl
  *t	Python, Ruby

• reference (pointer)

  creation

  &	B, C, C#, C++
  \	Perl
  AddressOf	Visual Basic
  addr (70)	Pascal
  @ (70)	Pascal
  lv	BCPL
  ref	C#, OCaml, SML
  newSTRef	Haskell
  NewCell	Oz
  'access	Ada
  :> :>>	Pliant

  dereference

  * (71)	B, C, C#, C++
  $ @ % & (71)	Perl
  ->[...] ->{...} ->(...) (72)	Perl
  -> (73)	C, C++
  ^ (72)	Modula-3, Pascal
  ! (71)	OCaml, SML
  rv	BCPL
  readSTRef	Haskell
  Access	Oz
  .[all]	Ada
  @	Forth

  assigning (when dereferencing doesn't give a lvalue)

  writeSTRef	Haskell
  Assign	Oz
  :=	OCaml, SML
  !	Forth

• optional value

  null value

  0	C++
  NULL	C, SQL92
  nil	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Lua, Objective-C, Ruby
  null	C#, Java, JavaScript, Smalltalk
  Null (74)	Ada
  undef	Perl
  None	OCaml, Python
  Nothing	Haskell
  #f ()	Emacs Lisp
  (empty) / ~ / null	YAML

  value

  v	Ada, C, C#, C++, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Perl, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  Just v	Haskell
  Some v	OCaml

  type name

  option	OCaml
  Maybe	Haskell

• record selector

  .	Ada, Beta, C, C#, C++, E, Eiffel, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Modula-2, Modula-3, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Python, Ruby
  ::	XPath
  %	Fortran90
  ' (75)	Ada
  ^	Mercury
  r { field }	merd
  r:field	Pliant
  field r	Haskell
  ->	C, C++
  r["field"]	JavaScript
  #field r	SML
  normal function call	Common Lisp, Dylan, Haskell, Smalltalk

• dictionary

  type name

  map	YAML
  (k, v) Hashtbl.t	OCaml
  Dictionary	Pliant
  Hash	Perl6

  constructor

  [ a => b, c => d ]	E
  array( a => b, c => d )	PHP
  { a => b, c => d }	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  { a, b, c, d }	Perl, Ruby
  { a: b, c: d }	JavaScript, Python, YAML
  $[ a: b, c: d ]	YCP
  { a->b. c->d }	Squeak
  { a = b, c = d }	Lua
  @{ a = b; c = d }	MSH
  ([ a:b, c:d ])	Pike
  << a b c d >>	PostScript
  Hash[ a, b, c, d ]	Ruby
  define table foo a => b; c => d end	Dylan
  [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:b, a, d, c, nil]	Objective-C
  a: b c: d	YAML

  access: read/write

  h[k]	Awk, C#, C++, Dylan, E, JavaScript, Lua, MSH, PHP, Python, Ruby
  $h{k}	Perl
  %h{k} or %h<s>	Perl6
  $h(k)	Tcl
  h.k	JavaScript, Lua
  h:k	Pliant
  h["k"] or h->k	Pike
  (gethash k h)	Common Lisp

  access: read

  h k get	PostScript
  find	OCaml
  fetch	Ruby
  get	Java
  at	Smalltalk
  h@k or h.at(k)	Eiffel
  h[k]:default	YCP
  h.get(k, returned_value_when_k_unfound)	Python
  objectForKey	Objective-C

  access: write

  h k o put	PostScript
  put	Eiffel, Java
  add, replace	OCaml
  store	Ruby
  h[k]	YCP
  h at: k put: o	Smalltalk
  [h setObject:o forKey:k]	Objective-C

  has the key ?

  exists $h{k}	Perl
  exists	Perl6, Pliant
  has	Eiffel
  haskey	YCP
  has_key	Python
  has_key?, include?, key?, member?	Ruby
  Contains	C#
  containsKey	Java
  includesKey	Smalltalk
  k in h	Python
  k not in h	Python
  in	Awk
  mem	OCaml
  find (76)	C++
  h[k]	Pike
  (gethash k h)	Common Lisp
  maps	E
  known	PostScript

  remove by key

  delete $h{k}	Perl
  del h[k]	Python
  remove	Eiffel, Java, OCaml, YCP
  Remove	C#
  removeKey	E, Smalltalk
  remhash	Common Lisp
  delete	JavaScript, Perl6, Ruby
  erase	C++
  m_delete	Pike
  removeObjectForKey	Objective-C
  undef	PostScript

  list of keys

  keys	MSH, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk
  keySet	Java
  allKeys	Objective-C
  AllKeys	C#
  indices	Pike
  current_keys	Eiffel
  getKeys	E
  array_keys	PHP

  list of values

  values	Java, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk
  getValues	E
  content	Eiffel
  array_values	PHP

• range

  inclusive .. inclusive

  a .. b	Ada, E, merd, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Ruby
  [ a .. b ]	Haskell
  to	Smalltalk
  seq	sh
  range	PHP
  range(from: a, to: b, by: step)	Dylan
  List.number A B Step	Oz

  inclusive .. exclusive

  a ... b	Ruby
  a ..! b	E
  range	Python