MySQL Performance Tuning

I was searching the internet for pointers on tuning my MySQL server at work and ran across 2 different tuning scripts. The first is this wonderful script from http://www.day32.com/MySQL/. Simply save it to your sql server and ensure it is executable. A brief description from the author's website is:

This script takes information from "SHOW STATUS LIKE..." and "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE..." to produce sane recomendations for tuning server variables. It is compatable with all versions of MySQL 3.23 and higher (including 5.1).

Currently it handles recomendations for the following:
Slow Query Log
Max Connections
Worker Threads
Key Buffer
Query Cache
Sort Buffer
Joins
Temp Tables
Table (Open & Definition) Cache
Table Locking
Table Scans (read_buffer)
Innodb Status

Below is showing the results after a few rounds of tuning on my server.

[tethys]:/home/rnejdl/Scripts> ./tuning-primer.sh 
mysqld is alive                                   

        -- MYSQL PERFORMANCE TUNING PRIMER --
             - By: Matthew Montgomery -                                         

MySQL Version 5.0.75 i386

Uptime = 7 days 2 hrs 29 min 21 sec
Avg. qps = 1                       
Total Questions = 638990           
Threads Connected = 1              

Server has been running for over 48hrs.
It should be safe to follow these recommendations

To find out more information on how each of these
runtime variables effects performance visit:
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/server-system-variables.html             
Visit http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html                    
for info about MySQL's Enterprise Monitoring and Advisory Service               
                                                                                
SLOW QUERIES
The slow query log is NOT enabled.                                              
Current long_query_time = 5 sec.                                                
You have 0 out of 639011 that take longer than 5 sec. to complete               
Your long_query_time seems to be fine                                           
                                                                                
BINARY UPDATE LOG
The binary update log is NOT enabled.
You will not be able to do point in time recovery
See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/point-in-time-recovery.html
                                                                                
WORKER THREADS
Current thread_cache_size = 4                                                   
Current threads_cached = 3                                                      
Current threads_per_sec = 0                                                     
Historic threads_per_sec = 0                                                    
Your thread_cache_size is fine
                                                                                
MAX CONNECTIONS
Current max_connections = 35                                                    
Current threads_connected = 1                                                   
Historic max_used_connections = 24                                              
The number of used connections is 68% of the configured maximum.                
Your max_connections variable seems to be fine.
                                                                                
MEMORY USAGE
Max Memory Ever Allocated : 160 M                                               
Configured Max Per-thread Buffers : 166 M                                       
Configured Max Global Buffers : 46 M                                            
Configured Max Memory Limit : 212 M                                             
Physical Memory : 1.99 G                                                        
Max memory limit seem to be within acceptable norms
                                                                                
KEY BUFFER
Current MyISAM index space = 39 M                                               
Current key_buffer_size = 4 M                                                   
Key cache miss rate is 1 : 4642                                                 
Key buffer fill ratio = 8.00 %                                                  
Your key_buffer_size seems to be too high.
Perhaps you can use these resources elsewhere
                                                                                
QUERY CACHE
Query cache is enabled
Current query_cache_size = 32 M                                                 
Current query_cache_used = 8 K                                                  
Current query_cache_limit = 2 K                                                 
Current Query cache Memory fill ratio = .02 %                                   
Current query_cache_min_res_unit = 4 K                                          
Your query_cache_size seems to be too high.
Perhaps you can use these resources elsewhere
MySQL won't cache query results that are larger than query_cache_limit in size
                                                                                
SORT OPERATIONS
Current sort_buffer_size = 4 M                                                  
Current read_rnd_buffer_size = 256 K                                            
Sort buffer seems to be fine
                                                                                
JOINS
Current join_buffer_size = 132.00 K 
You have had 0 queries where a join could not use an index properly             
Your joins seem to be using indexes properly
                                                                                
OPEN FILES LIMIT
Current open_files_limit = 11095 files                                          
The open_files_limit should typically be set to at least 2x-3x                  
that of table_cache if you have heavy MyISAM usage
Your open_files_limit value seems to be fine

TABLE CACHE
Current table_cache value = 750 tables
You have a total of 608 tables
You have 609 open tables.
The table_cache value seems to be fine

TEMP TABLES
Current max_heap_table_size = 192 M
Current tmp_table_size = 192 M
Of 551 temp tables, 23% were created on disk
Created disk tmp tables ratio seems fine

TABLE SCANS
Current read_buffer_size = 256 K
Current table scan ratio = 22 : 1
read_buffer_size seems to be fine

TABLE LOCKING
Current Lock Wait ratio = 1 : 254749
Your table locking seems to be fine

I've tested this on my home server and it has successfully recommended a much smaller memory foot print (although the photo album can peak my SQL traffic). I've also tested on my server at work which averages at around 100 queries per second (qps). The suggested changes were all great and did measurably increase the speed of SQL or limit wasteful use of memory.

The second is mysqltuner.pl which easily enough can be retrieved as such:

wget mysqltuner.pl

Very nice domain! Simply download it and then chmod it to 755 and execute it. Output looks as such:

[tethys]:/home/rnejdl> ./mysqltuner.pl             

 >>  MySQLTuner 1.0.0 - Major Hayden 
 >>  Bug reports, feature requests, and downloads at http://mysqltuner.com/
 >>  Run with '--help' for additional options and output filtering         

-------- General Statistics --------------------------------------------------
[--] Skipped version check for MySQLTuner script                              
[OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.0.77                         
[OK] Operating on 32-bit architecture with less than 2GB RAM                  

-------- Storage Engine Statistics -------------------------------------------
[--] Status: -Archive +BDB -Federated +InnoDB -ISAM -NDBCluster               
[--] Data in MyISAM tables: 54M (Tables: 590)                                 
[!!] InnoDB is enabled but isn't being used                                   
[!!] BDB is enabled but isn't being used                                      
[!!] Total fragmented tables: 3                                               

-------- Performance Metrics -------------------------------------------------
[--] Up for: 1d 11h 13m 51s (168K q [1.325 qps], 13K conn, TX: 91M, RX: 12M)  
[--] Reads / Writes: 89% / 11%                                                
[--] Total buffers: 270.0M global + 4.8M per thread (35 max threads)          
[OK] Maximum possible memory usage: 436.2M (21% of installed RAM)             
[OK] Slow queries: 0% (0/168K)                                                
[OK] Highest usage of available connections: 25% (9/35)                       
[OK] Key buffer size / total MyISAM indexes: 4.0M/39.3M
[OK] Key buffer hit rate: 99.7% (234K cached / 632 reads)
[OK] Query cache efficiency: 81.5% (92K cached / 113K selects)
[OK] Query cache prunes per day: 0
[OK] Sorts requiring temporary tables: 0% (0 temp sorts / 2K sorts)
[OK] Temporary tables created on disk: 25% (16 on disk / 63 total)
[OK] Thread cache hit rate: 99% (40 created / 13K connections)
[OK] Table cache hit rate: 89% (611 open / 679 opened)
[OK] Open file limit used: 0% (82/11K)
[OK] Table locks acquired immediately: 99% (29K immediate / 29K locks)

-------- Recommendations -----------------------------------------------------
General recommendations:
    Add skip-innodb to MySQL configuration to disable InnoDB
    Add skip-bdb to MySQL configuration to disable BDB
    Run OPTIMIZE TABLE to defragment tables for better performance
    Enable the slow query log to troubleshoot bad queries
    When making adjustments, make tmp_table_size/max_heap_table_size equal
    Reduce your SELECT DISTINCT queries without LIMIT clauses
Variables to adjust:
    tmp_table_size (> 192M)
    max_heap_table_size (> 192M)

[tethys]:/home/rnejdl>

This script advises differently from the first. First, it points to the number of tables that need to be defragmented. If you need to defragment your databases, this is the syntax I use:

mysqlcheck -or -A -u USERNAME --password=PASSWORD

The above will optimze and repair all of your databases as best as possible. Some other adjustments this had me make was to increase the size of my queries that can be cached as well as increase my table cache size. Both tools together seem to work well together. As I find more, I'll udpate this article with any more suggestions I find.